Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient blogger.com include six systems (shad-darśana) – Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and blogger.com Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskrit root drish (to see, to experience) Hindus (Hindustani: (); / ˈ h ɪ n d uː z, h ɪ n d ʊ z /) are persons who regard themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent.. The historical meaning of the term Hindu has evolved with time Hindu Religion And Culture Essay @Importance Of Science And Technology In Contemporary Society Essay? Cohabitation argumentative essay importance of mathematics in our daily lives essay. Apa narrative essay format my family essay in english 20 lines. Discursive essay history, what is literary composition essay, essay composition rubric
Hindu Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings [1] of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India. These include six systems shad-darśana — SankhyaYogaNyayaVaisheshikaMimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika theistic philosophical traditions and are those that accept the Vedas as an authoritative, important source of knowledge. Western scholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies.
Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the non-dualism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita, the self-discipline of Yoga and the asceticism and elements of theistic ideas.
Each school of Hindu philosophy has extensive epistemological literature called pramāṇaśāstras[20] [21] as well as theories on metaphysicsaxiologyand other topics. In the history of Indiathe six orthodox schools had emerged before the start of the Common Eraand some schools emerged possibly even before the Buddha.
Since ancient times, Indian philosophy has been categorized into āstika and nāstika schools of thought. This schema was created between the 12th and 16th centuries by Vedantins. There are six āstika orthodox schools of thought. Each astika darsana also accepts the premise that Atman eternal Self exists. Schools that do not accept the authority of the Vedas are nāstika philosophies, of which four nāstika heterodox schools are prominent: [7]. Besides the major orthodox and non-orthodox schools, there have existed syncretic sub-schools that have combined ideas and introduced new ones of their own.
The medieval scholar Vidyaranya — CE [ citation needed ]in his book 'Sarva-Darshana-Samgraha', includes the following, along with Buddhism [34] and Jainism, [35] as sub-schools of Hindu philosophy:. The above sub-schools introduced their own ideas while adopting concepts from orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy such as realism of the Nyāya, naturalism of Vaiśeṣika, monism and knowledge of Self Atman as essential to liberation of Advaita, self-discipline of Yoga, asceticism and elements of theistic ideas.
Epistemology is called pramāṇa. Pramāṇa is a hindu theory of knowledge and discusses the valid means by which human beings can gain accurate knowledge. Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths:. Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by the different schools.
The schools vary on how many of these six are valid paths of knowledge. Samkhya essay on hindu religion the oldest of the orthodox philosophical systems in Hinduism[53] with origins in the 1st millennium BCE. Samkhya school espouses dualism between witness-consciousness and 'nature' mind, perception, matter.
Jiva a living being is that state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakriti in some form. The universe is described by this school as one created by Purusa-Prakriti entities infused with various permutations and combinations essay on hindu religion variously enumerated elements, senses, feelings, activity and mind. Samkhya philosophy includes a theory essay on hindu religion gunas qualities, innate tendencies, psyche.
Everything, all life forms and human beings, state Samkhya scholars, have these three gunasbut in different proportions. The Samkhya karikaone of the key texts of this school of Hindu philosophy, essay on hindu religion, opens by stating its goal to be "three [68] kinds of human suffering" and means to prevent them.
For example, it states. From the triad of suffering, arises this inquiry into the means of preventing it. That is useless — if you say so, I say: No, because suffering is not absolute and final. Like a lamp, they cooperate for a purpose by union of contraries. It operates by means of the three qualities, by mixture, by modification; for different objects are diversified by influence of the several qualities respectively.
The soteriology in Samkhya aims at the realization of Puruṣa as distinct from Prakriti; this knowledge of the Self is held to end transmigration and lead to absolute freedom kaivalya. In Indian philosophyYoga is, among other things, the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools. The universe is conceptualized as a duality in Yoga school: puruṣa witness-consciousness and prakṛti mind, perception, matter ; however, the Yoga school discusses this concept more generically as "seer, experiencer" and "seen, experienced" than the Samkhya school.
A key text of the Yoga school is the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. Patanjali may have been, as Max Müller explains, "the author or representative of the Yoga-philosophy without being necessarily the author of the Sutras.
The Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna knowledge is a sufficient means to moksha. The Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school.
Dharma is that from which results the accomplishment of Exaltation and of the Supreme Good. The authoritativeness of the Veda arises from its being an exposition of dharma. The Supreme Good results from knowledge, produced from a particular dharmaof the essence of the Predicables, Substance, essay on hindu religion, Attribute, Action, Genus, Species and Combination, by means of their resemblances and differences.
The Vaiśeṣika school is related to the Nyāya school essay on hindu religion features differences in its epistemologyessay on hindu religion, metaphysics and ontology. Vaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that reality is composed of four substances earth, water, air, essay on hindu religion, and fire.
Each of these four are of two types: [87] atomic paramāṇu and composite. A composite, in this philosophy, is defined to be anything which is divisible into atoms. Whatever human beings perceive is composite, while atoms are invisible.
The Nyāya school is a realist āstika philosophy. The text is credited to Aksapada Gautama and its composition is variously dated between the sixth and second centuries BCE. Nyāya epistemology accepts essay on hindu religion out of six prāmaṇas as reliable means of gaining knowledge — pratyakṣa perceptionanumāṇa inferenceupamāṇa comparison and analogy and śabda word, testimony of past or present reliable experts.
In its metaphysicsthe Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than the others. This premise led Nyāya to concern itself with epistemology, that is, the reliable means to gain correct knowledge and to remove wrong notions.
False knowledge is not merely ignorance to Naiyayikas; it includes delusion. Correct knowledge is discovering and overcoming one's delusions, and understanding the true nature of the soul, self and reality. Perception, Inference, Comparison and Word — these are the means of right knowledge. Perception is that knowledge which arises from the contact of a sense with its object and which is determinate, unnameable and essay on hindu religion. Inference is knowledge which is preceded by perception, and is of three kinds: a priori, a posteriori, and commonly seen.
Comparison is the knowledge of a thing through its similarity to another thing previously well known. Word is the instructive assertion of a reliable person. It [knowledge] is of two kinds: that which is seen, and that which is not seen. Soul, body, senses, objects of senses, intellect, mind, activity, fault, transmigration, fruit, suffering and release — are the objects of right knowledge, essay on hindu religion. The Mīmāṃsā school emphasized hermeneutics and exegesis.
The Mīmāṃsā school has several sub-schools defined by epistemology, essay on hindu religion. The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā accepted five means to gaining knowledge as epistimetically reliable: pratyakṣa perceptionanumāṇa inferenceupamāṇa comparison and analogyarthāpatti postulation, derivation from circumstancesand śabda word, testimony of past or present reliable experts.
The metaphysics of the Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines, and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the Self Atma is an eternal, omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemology and metaphysics of dharma.
They considered the Upanishads and other texts related to self-knowledge and spirituality to be of secondary importance, a philosophical view that the Vedanta school disagreed with.
Mīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. Mīmāṃsākas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct and right, essay on hindu religion. In contrast, essay on hindu religion, Vedantins extended the scope and essay on hindu religion of language as a tool to also describedevelop and derive, essay on hindu religion.
The Mimamsa school was influential and foundational to the Vedanta school, with the difference that Mīmāṃsā developed and emphasized karmakāṇḍa the portion of the śruti which relates to ceremonial acts and sacrificial rites, the early parts of the Vedaswhile the Vedanta school developed and emphasized jñānakāṇḍa the portion of the Vedas which relates to knowledge of monism, essay on hindu religion latter parts of the Vedas.
The Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE [89] [] and is the most developed [ citation needed ] and best-known of the Hindu schools.
The emergence of the Vedanta school represented a period in which a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge, focusing on jnana knowledge driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. These included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahmanand an emphasis on meditation, self-discipline, self-knowledge and abstract spirituality, rather than ritualism.
The Upanishads were variously interpreted by ancient- and medieval-era Vedanta scholars. Consequently, the Vedanta separated into many sub-schools, ranging from theistic dualism to non-theistic monism, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries.
Advaita literally means "not two, sole, unity", essay on hindu religion. It is a sub-school of Vedanta, and asserts spiritual and universal non-dualism.
The foundational texts of this school are the Brahma Sutras and the early Upanishads from the 1st millennium BCE. He wrote extensive commentaries on the major Vedantic scriptures and is celebrated as one of the major Hindu philosophers from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived.
According to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, essay on hindu religion, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Māyā connotes "that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal". Advaita Vedantins assert that ātman is same as Brahman, and this Brahman is reflected within each human being and all life, all living beings are spiritually interconnected, and there is oneness in all of existence.
Jīvanmukti liberation during life can be achieved through Self-knowledge, essay on hindu religion, the understanding that ātman within is same as ātman in another person and all of Brahman — the eternal, unchanging, entirety of cosmic principles and true reality.
Ramanuja c. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty oneness. They saw Brahman as an eternal oneness, essay on hindu religion, but also as the source of all creation, which was omnipresent and actively involved in existence. To them the sense of subject-object perception was illusory and a sign of ignorance. However, the individual's sense essay on hindu religion self was not a complete illusion since it was derived from the universal beingness that is Brahman.
Dvaita refers to a theistic sub-school in Vedanta tradition of Hindu philosophy. Dvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedasessay on hindu religion, espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities.
Salvationin Dvaita, is achievable only through the grace of God Vishnu. Dvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarkaa 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, Self, and matter. Self and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different from Brahman. Brahman exists independently, while Self and matter are dependent.
Thus Self and matter have an existence that is separate yet dependent. Further, Brahman is a controller, the Self is the enjoyer, and matter the thing enjoyed.
Hinduism in Nepali हिन्दू धर्म
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Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient blogger.com include six systems (shad-darśana) – Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and blogger.com Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskrit root drish (to see, to experience) Hindus (Hindustani: (); / ˈ h ɪ n d uː z, h ɪ n d ʊ z /) are persons who regard themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent.. The historical meaning of the term Hindu has evolved with time Hindu Religion And Culture Essay @Importance Of Science And Technology In Contemporary Society Essay? Cohabitation argumentative essay importance of mathematics in our daily lives essay. Apa narrative essay format my family essay in english 20 lines. Discursive essay history, what is literary composition essay, essay composition rubric
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