INTRODUCTION this risk of pathogen spillover from wild boars to domestic pigs, using Switzerland Wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) numbers as an example. have dramatically increased in European In Switzerland, classical swine fever, countries over the past 60 yr and the trichinellosis, and tuberculosis are current- species also shows a more Wild Boar Phd Thesis. to defend your point of view. It also requires knowledge about Wild Boar Phd Thesis how to present your thoughts on paper right, how to Wild Boar Phd Thesis catch the attention of the reader (or the readers) and to hold it until the very end/10() Wild Boar Phd Thesis, How To Write A Profile Essay About A Detective, Essay On My Pet Tiger, Why We Perceive The World Differently Essay
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Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free Wild boar phd thesis. Free-Ranging Wild Boar: A Disease Threat to Domestic Pigs in Switzerland? Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Download Download PDF Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package This Paper. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package. Translate PDF. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47 4, pp.
Natacha Wu,1 Carlos Abril,2 Vladimira Hinić,2 Isabelle Brodard,2 Barbara Thür,3 Julien Fattebert,1 Daniela Hüssy,2 and Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis1,4 1 Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, PostfachCH Bern, Switzerland 2 Centre for Zoonoses, Bacterial Animal Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strassewild boar phd thesis, Postfach, CH Bern, Switzerland 3 The Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, SensemattstrasseCH Mittelhäusern, Switzerland 4 Corresponding author email: Marie-Pierre, wild boar phd thesis.
Ryser wild boar phd thesis. ch ABSTRACT: The risk of transmission of pathogens from free-ranging wild boars Sus scrofa scrofa to outdoor domestic pigs S. scrofa domesticus is of increasing concern in many European countries. We assess this risk, using Switzerland as an example. We estimated 1 the prevalence of important pathogens in wild boars and 2 the risk of interactions between wild boars and outdoor pigs. First, we tested wild boars from selected areas between and for infection with Brucella spp.
Bacterial prevalence was estimated to suis Biovar 2 and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Antibody prevalence was We also tested wild boars for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus PRRSV.
Antibody prevalence was 0. These findings suggest that B. suis is increasingly widespread in wild boars and PRRSV is currently not of concern. Second, we documented the spatial overlap wild boar phd thesis free-ranging wild boars and outdoor piggeries by mapping data on their respective occurrence. Wild boars are most widespread in the mountain range along the western and northern Swiss borders, while most piggeries are located in central lowlands.
A risk of interaction is mainly expected at the junction between these two bioregions. This risk may increase if wild boars expand eastward and southward beyond anthropogenic barriers believed to limit their range.
Therefore, we evaluated the potential of expansion of the wild boar population. Population trends suggest a continuous increase of wild boars for the past 15 yr. Surveillance of selected wildlife passages using cameras on highways and main roads indicates that these barriers are permeable average of up to 13 wild boar crossings per days.
Thus an wild boar phd thesis of wild boar range should be considered. There may be a risk of B. suis spillover from wild boars in Switzerland, which could increase in the future. Wild boar phd thesis on the occurrence of interactions between pigs and wild boars are needed to assess this risk. Key words: Brucella suis, wild boar phd thesis, camera traps, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, prevalence, risk, Switzerland, wild wild boar phd thesis, wildlife passages.
The parallel seem to be rare Leuenberger, ; increase of outdoor piggeries has led to a Köppel et al, wild boar phd thesis. In higher risk of contacts, and thus of disease contrast, infections with Brucella suis transmission, wild boar phd thesis, between wild boars and Biovar 2 are apparently widespread, with domestic pigs S. scrofa domesticus; God- antibody prevalences of up to Because pigs the prevalence of Brucella infection has and wild boars belong to the same species, been rarely documented Köppel et al.
We assess Porcine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease, Information on wild boar occurrence and qualitative data on the use of wildlife passages caused by B. suis, which includes five were recorded from all of Switzerland biovars 1 to 5 with variable zoonotic 45uN to 47uN and 5uE to potential; Biovar 2 is far less pathogenic 10uE. Quantitative data on the use of than Biovars 1 and 3 OIE, Brucella selected greenbridges and prevalence of in- suis is generally sexually transmitted fections were recorded in a study site S1 located at the foot of the Jura Mountains JM, although aerosol transmission may occur Figs.
Site selection was based on the and can lead to severe reproductive following criteria: 1 high wild boar density; 2 disorders. Biovars 1—3 infect domestic positive results from previous serosurveys for pigs, wild boars, and brown hares Lepus B.
suis in wild boars north and east of the site europaeusand cattle Bos taurushorses Köppel et al. suis Equus caballus and dogs Canis lupus and PRRSV due to borders with France and familiaris; MacMillan, ; Cvetnic et al.
Infection infections in wild boars Albina et al, wild boar phd thesis. suis has been reported in wild boar Garin-Bastuji et al.
suis to domestic pigs ; 5 the presence of wildlife passages that has been documented Kautzsch et al. After an ; Cvetnic et al. outbreak of brucellosis in an outdoor piggery in Geneva in Wyss,we additionally The PRRS is caused by an Arterivirus, sampled wild boars from this area study site 2, which includes European EU and Amer- S2; Fig.
ican US strains, and can be transmitted directly and indirectly. This syndrome is Prevalence of infection with B, wild boar phd thesis. suis and PRRSV characterized by reproductive failure in Wild boar samples: Sampling kits were distrib- sows wild boar phd thesis respiratory distress in younger uted to game wardens and hunters at both pigs Corbellini et al. Infected wild study sites. Blood EDTA and serumspleens, and urine were collected from wild boars in S1 wild boar phd thesis have been detected in several during the seasons — and —, countries neighboring Switzerland Reiner and in S2 in — We also collected et al.
For logistic reasons, sampling of genital organs was concern. possible only from carcasses submitted to Domestic pigs in Switzerland are free of necropsy and from animals hunted in S2.
Age was estimated PRRS Corbellini et al. Transmission of the causal patho- striped, ,20 kg, 4—6 mo ; juveniles reddish, 20—40 wild boar phd thesis, 6—12 mo ; subadults black, wild boar phd thesis, 41— gens from wild boars to domestic pigs 60 kg, 12—24 mo ; and adults black or silver, would compromise the freedom-of-infec- large size.
In this study we 1 estimate Blood samples for serum collection the prevalence of B. suis and PRRSV in were centrifuged immediately after receipt. wild boars and 2 perform preliminary EDTA blood and half of the organ samples were stored at C until further analysis. investigations regarding the current and From mid-March to mid-January future risk of interactions between wildwe collected samples from wild boars and pigs. Map of Switzerland with major lakes hatching depicting spatial overlap between free-ranging wild boars Sus scrofa scrofa and outdoor pigs sus scrofa domesticus.
Black area5communes with both wild boars and outdoor pigs; dark gray5communes with wild boars only; light gray5communes with outdoor pigs only. Study sites 1 and 2 are indicated with black ellipses. FIGURE 2. Map of Switzerland with major lakes hatching and highways and railways solid linesshowing the three main bioregions of Switzerland. The Jura Mountains light gray are a small mountain range reaching 1, m elevation in Switzerland, France, and Germany.
The Swiss Plateau white lies at — m, wild boar phd thesis. The Alps are one of the great mountain ranges of Europe, with the highest summit reaching 4, m, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east, through Italy, Switzerland dark grayLiechtenstein, and Germany to France in the west. The map also shows 19 surveyed wildlife passages. Black triangles5greenbridges monitored by cameras in — Pieterlen and Gampelen ; circles5passages surveyed in former studies black circles are passages used by wild boars [Sus scrofa scrofa]; white circles have no documented wild boar movement.
WU ET AL. After RNA extraction using NucleoSpin information on age. There were females Multi virus RNA extraction kits Macherey- and males, plus four animals without Nagel, Oensingen, SwitzerlandPRRS anti- information on sex, wild boar phd thesis. Sampling took place body-positive samples were tested for virus mainly in autumn and winter. with two rRT-PCRs, one detecting EU PRRSV and the other US PRRSV.
The rRT-PCR was Bacterial culture and real-time polymerase chain performed according to Kleiboeker et al. reaction rPCR for scrofa Brucella spp. of Qiagen Basel, Switzerland. Brucella species and Biovar were identified by PCR according to Hinić et al. Wu and insertion element Hinić et al. Ryser, unpubl. Information on piggeries was based on 4, addresses Serology for Brucella spp.
ture runouts, from the Curly-hair Hog Asso- A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent ciation, wild boar phd thesis from the Swine Clinic of Bern.
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